<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/249145/original/file-20181206-186067-1j5ydwl.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;fit=clip" alt="File 20181206 186067 1j5ydwl.jpg?ixlib=rb 1.1"/><figcaption>
 Many young people don’t recover from depression, and exercise can help prevent it from developing in the first place.
 www.shutterstock.com
 </figcaption></figure>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading" style="text-align:right"><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/alexandra-parker-572547">Alexandra Parker</a>, <em><a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/victoria-university-1175">Victoria University</a></em> <br>and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michaela-pascoe-429568">Michaela Pascoe</a>, <em><a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/victoria-university-1175">Victoria University</a></em></h6>



<p>Adolescence is a critical time for the development of mental health problems. In fact, depression is most likely to occur during <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17551351">adolescence and young adulthood</a>. It’s the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21652063">leading cause of disability</a> in young people worldwide. </p>



<p>At least one‐quarter of young people will experience an episode of depression <a href="https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.wallaby.vu.edu.au:4433/pubmed/9827321?dopt=Abstract">before 19 years of age</a>. By year 9, students who have experienced a mental disorder are on average two years behind in academic achievement compared to <a href="https://youngmindsmatter.telethonkids.org.au/siteassets/media-docs---young-minds-matter/childandadolescentmentalhealthandeducationaloutcomesdec2017.pdf">those without a mental disorder</a>.</p>



<p>The consequences of depression in adolescence are serious and can be lifelong. These include an <a href="https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.wallaby.vu.edu.au:4433/pubmed/11879160?dopt=Abstract">increased risk</a> of <a href="https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.wallaby.vu.edu.au:4433/pubmed/11879160?dopt=Abstract">depression late in life</a>, poor social functioning and academic achievement and reduced employment security, as well as greater risk of <a href="https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.wallaby.vu.edu.au:4433/pubmed/9735611?dopt=Abstract">suicide and self‐harm</a>. </p>



<p>Many young people don’t recover from depression, despite treatment with the best available <a href="https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.wallaby.vu.edu.au:4433/pubmed/17135991?dopt=Abstract">evidence‐based treatment approaches</a>. Given the scope and impact of depression in young people, and poor recovery rates, it’s crucial to understand how to help prevent the development of depression in young people.</p>



<p>An increasing body of evidence indicates physical activity and exercise are effective for <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28994355">improving mood</a>. We recently also examined studies to assess the efficacy of physical activity and exercise as a prevention for depression in young people. We found eight controlled research studies that examined this. These studies showed exercise and physical activity are effective as a <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30302925">depression-prevention approach</a> for young people. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">How much physical activity do young people need to do?</h2>



<p>Few young people seek professional help <a href="https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2007/187/7/when-and-how-do-young-people-seek-professional-help-mental-health-problems">for mental health concerns</a>. It’s important to engage young people in places that suit them to prevent the onset of mental health problems. Prevention and early intervention are crucial and especially relevant in the education setting. </p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/249152/original/file-20181206-186064-181v9fy.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;fit=clip" alt=""/><figcaption>
 Many young people never recover from depression once it is established.
 from www.shutterstock.com
 </figcaption></figure>



<p>The Australian guidelines state young people should engage in <a href="http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/health-pubhlth-strateg-phys-act-guidelines#apa1317">60 minutes of physical activity a day</a>. The majority of young people <a href="http://www.abs.gov.au/australianhealthsurvey">don’t reach this target</a>. </p>



<p>In fact, disengagement from regular exercise, physical activity and sporting clubs <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821311/">steadily increases during adolescence</a>. This coincides with the average age of <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17551351">onset of depression</a>.</p>



<p>Physical activity is an important part of the <a href="https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/">Australian Curriculum</a>. The Australian <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2011C00334">national policy</a> requires government schools to provide at least two hours of physical activity per week during <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1753-6405.12751">primary education and junior secondary education</a>. The provision of any physical education is not required as part of the <a href="https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/senior-secondary-curriculum/">senior secondary curriculum</a>. Even during primary education and junior secondary education, the mandated 120 minutes a week doesn’t meet Australian guidelines. </p>



<p>Schools are a key site for the <a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43923/9789241596862_eng.pdf?sequence=1&;isAllowed=y">promotion of healthy behaviours</a>. Many long-term health-related behaviours and patterns – both positive and negative – are established during the developmental phase of <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60072-5/fulltext">adolescence and early adulthood</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">How do we get them to do more?</h2>



<p>The research indicates physical activity is associated with <a href="https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.wallaby.vu.edu.au:4433/pubmed/29690792?dopt=Abstract">reduced risk of depression</a> in young people. Physical activity is an <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1755296609000027">acceptable</a>, non-stigmatising approach to promoting better mental health <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17620162">in young people</a>. To meet the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21192795">specific needs of young people</a>, a physical activity program should facilitate self-reliance, motivation, and mental health and wellbeing literacy. </p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/249154/original/file-20181206-186079-1fzh9r0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&;q=45&;auto=format&;w=754&;fit=clip" alt=""/><figcaption>
 Depression is the leading cause of disability for young people across the globe.
 from www.shutterstock.com
 </figcaption></figure>



<p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25956760">Motivation to engage in physical activity</a> can be increased by offering choice of activities, increasing skills and ability to engage in physical activity, and opportunities for social connection. Schools are best placed to ensure physical activity is increased and protected within the Australian curriculum and that young people meet the Australian guidelines for physical activity each day. </p>



<p>Most school-based intervention <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347605001009">studies</a> of physical activity have used supervised programs of moderate to vigorous physical activity. These consist of 30 to 45 minutes, three to five days per week. The physical activity should include a variety of activities, be age-appropriate and enjoyable. </p>



<p>Some researchers suggest schools could also promote physical activity <a href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED497155.pdf">outside physical education classes</a> by ensuring at least 20 minutes of recess per day. </p>



<p>Finally, physical educators <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003306201400142X">can be key drivers</a> of physical and health literacy and behaviour change. They can do this, for example, through school-based activities and by providing information about the benefits of physical activity via newsletters and notices sent home.<br></p>



<p>Physical activity programs within schools should also address the health, mental health and stress-reduction motivations for engaging in physical activity and focus on the benefits of participation. This should include <a href="http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/175325/e96697.pdf">a focus on fun and enjoyment</a>, while building confidence and independence.</p>



<p>Any physical activity program delivered in schools should also encourage young people to draw on <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1750984X.2010.548528">parental and social support</a> to increase the physical activity they do outside school time.</p>



<h5 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/alexandra-parker-572547">Alexandra Parker</a>, Professor of Physical Activity and Mental Health, <em><a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/victoria-university-1175">Victoria University</a></em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michaela-pascoe-429568">Michaela Pascoe</a>, Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Exercise and Mental Health, <em><a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/victoria-university-1175">Victoria University</a></em></h5>



<h6 class="wp-block-heading">This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-physical-activity-in-australian-schools-can-help-prevent-depression-in-young-people-107889">original article</a>.</h6>

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