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<h3>This week, the royal commission into disability heard horrifying stories of <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-04/disability-royal-commission-hears-evidence-of-witness-aaa/11668312">children’s experiences</a> in the education system.</h3>
<p>It is no wonder <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/34f09557-0acf-4adf-837d-eada7b74d466/Education-20905.pdf.aspx">children with disabilities</a> are over-represented among the tens of thousands of Australians who leave school before finishing year 12.</p>
<p>Many early school leavers are bored or disengaged; some are escaping bullying, while others do so due to poor mental health. Some who exit say they <a href="https://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv%3A30513">simply didn’t fit</a> in the mainstream system.</p>
<p>Early school leavers are more likely to be involved in the <a href="http://www.mitchellinstitute.org.au/reports/costs-of-lost-opportunity/">justice system</a> and suffer from <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5024430/">worsening mental health</a>. They also <a href="https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/family-factors-early-school-leaving/export">enter adulthood</a> without skills or qualifications they may need to gain employment.</p>
<p>One way governments have addressed this issue is to provide <a href="https://www.education.sa.gov.au/supporting-students/flexible-learning-options-flo">flexible learning options</a>, which cater for the unique needs of students. The aim is to help them stay connected to learning, but so far, <a href="https://www.vu.edu.au/the-victoria-institute/research-focus/education-journeys/the-value-of-flexible-learning-options-flo-for-disenfranchised-youth">evidence of their value</a> has only been largely anecdotal.</p>
<p>These schools or programs come in the form of community spaces, school annexes, stand-alone spaces and a growing number of independent schools. They have many names, including <a href="https://theconversation.com/flexischools-have-a-lot-to-teach-mainstream-schools-44589">flexi schools</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/tens-of-thousands-of-students-in-alternative-education-6783">alternative education</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/flexible-learning-helps-students-with-disadvantages-finish-school-31299">flexible learning programs</a>.</p>
<p>These programs are usually on the edge of the education system, which is one of the difficulties in tracking the outcomes for the disparate range of programs. Our <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13384-019-00353-z">research</a> was conducted in South Australia, where the programs are more embedded into the state’s education system. But even here, the actual figures of early school leavers involved in these programs has been hard to come by.</p>
<p>What we did find, however, is a lack of significant benefit – in terms of school retention and later employment – to the programs’ participants. Despite the good intentions, it seems the flexible learning options are simply acting as a convenient safety valve for students who the mainstream has abandoned.</p>
<h2>It seems positive…</h2>
<p>Every state has <a href="https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/management/finance/Pages/srpref047.aspx">flexible learning options</a>. <a href="https://youthplusinstitute.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/SROI-Final.pdf">More than 70,000</a> Australian students of high school age were enrolled in flexible learning programs in 2019. This is up from <a href="https://theconversation.com/tens-of-thousands-of-students-in-alternative-education-6783">30,000</a> only five years ago.</p>
<p>South Australia was the first Australian state to establish <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0004944116689165">flexible learning options</a>, in 2007. This was done as a way to support and offer case management for those at risk of leaving school early. At the time, flexible learning options was hailed as a way to <a href="https://apo.org.au/node/2343">support social inclusion</a>.</p>
<p>Our research was an analysis of several sources including government reports, records and parliamentary speeches; and relevant academic literature and news articles.</p>
<p>We found students with disabilities represent 8.5% of the mainstream school cohort in SA but 19% of students in flexible learning programs. Figures for Indigenous students are 5.6% and but 14% respectively.</p>
<p>SA’s flexible learning options have a common set of positive features. They usually have a higher number of staff per student than mainstream schools. The composition of staff is different too – it includes youth and social workers as well as teachers.</p>
<p>Flexible learning options emphasise case management for specific needs, with attention to personalised learning programs and remediation. The removal of structures such as uniforms, age-graded lessons and strict discipline codes are a positive alternative for students disengaged from mainstream schools.</p>
<h2>… but the outcomes are uncertain</h2>
<p>Students and adult workers report high levels of satisfaction with flexible learning programs but the reality of <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02680930500499968">low educational attainment</a> and lack of <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13596748.2013.755862">meaningful pathways </a> puts the efficacy of these programs in doubt.</p>
<p>Take the <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336159908_Scaled-up_'safety-net'_schooling_and_the_'wicked_problem'_of_educational_exclusion_in_South_Australia_problem_or_solution">SA FLO program</a>. It has had a total of more than 40,000 enrolments since its beginning in 2007, at a total cost of more than A$300 million dollars – averaging around A$8,500 per year per student.</p>
<p>Completion of the year 12 certification or its VET equivalent was under 5%, compared to a <a href="https://www.education.sa.gov.au/sites/default/files/senior-school-retention-sace-completion-report-2018.pdf?acsf_files_redirect">rate of 52%</a> for SA government schools.</p>
<p>One of the SA governments’ stated aims for introducing flexible learning programs was to provide qualifications so students entered adulthood with a fighting chance of <a href="https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/education-and-learning/schools/alternative-schooling/flexible-learning-options">employment</a>.</p>
<p>We have seen reports evaluating flexible learning options, conducted for the SA education department by private consulting firm ARTD, which have since been removed from the internet. They noted there was a lack of information about the destination of students exiting flexible learning program but a destination survey estimated that <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13384-019-00353-z">only 3% secured employment of any kind. </a></p>
<h2>So, what should we do with disengaged young people?</h2>
<p>What to do with young people who leave education early is not a challenge unique to Australia. Canada, the US and UK have all <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262637429_A_Critical_Review_of_the_Literature_on_School_Dropout">taken concerted actions</a> to deal with the issue of students dropping out, with varying success. In the UKm a system of <a href="https://apolitical.co/solution_article/when-scaling-fails-an-education-experiment-fought-the-system-and-lost/">studio schools, and university vocational colleges</a>, were established to cater for students outside of the mainstream, with limited success.</p>
<p>Some of the charter schools the USA hide the issue of <a href="https://www.theroot.com/report-how-charter-schools-are-used-to-hide-dropouts-a-1792705248">high-school dropouts</a> by enrolling students who would otherwise fail.</p>
<p>Students will continue to experience difficulties in mainstream schools, but flexible learning options seem to be a convenient way for these schools to shirk responsibility for managing these difficulties.</p>
<p>Schools need to be responsive to the most disadvantaged students and not seek to exclude them to a lesser form of education. Mainstream schools should reassert their purpose of being for all students and examine how they can offer more engaging and inclusive schooling practices that enable more <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289785810_The_Irregular_School_Exclusion_Schooling_and_Inclusive_Education">hopeful futures.</a></p>
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<h6><em>This article previously said the ICAN program began in 2017. This has now been corrected to 2007 and the name replaced to the SA FLO program.</em><!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/125876/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /> <!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/nigel-howard-855411">Nigel Howard</a>, Doctoral Candidate, <em><a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-south-australia-1180">University of South Australia</a></em>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/andrew-bills-436789">Andrew Bills</a>, Researcher into Educational Leadership and Policy, <em><a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/flinders-university-972">Flinders University</a></em>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/david-armstrong-379915">David Armstrong</a>, Senior Lecturer in Special and Inclusive Education, <em><a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/rmit-university-1063">RMIT University </a></em>This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/are-flexible-learning-options-giving-schools-a-convenient-way-out-of-taking-responsibility-for-difficult-students-125876">original article</a>.</h6>

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