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<p>We know literacy is important. Unfortunately, many Australian students <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/04250494.2019.1672502">move through the years of schooling</a> without achieving the literacy they need for essential daily activities.</p>
<p>When we think about building literacy, we most likely think about the English learning area. But think back to your time at school. You’ll probably remember you needed good literacy skills in learning areas beyond English.</p>
<p>Your knowledge and skills across most learning areas were gained and measured through your literacy skills. For example, your ability to write an essay in history, produce a report in science and explain your working out in mathematics contributed to your grade. Research shows how students’ literacy skills influence their achievement in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883035519327636?casa_token=wQp1VeKxMOsAAAAA:yYn1GVdznCB9R6qctwnuwz1yeLiG6z2TUEVHgVDTT5U8FURuSIY1cRVTeTR3TWd9JDxxH6VJ">mathematics</a> and <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10212-019-00453-5">science</a>.</p>
<p>The Australian Curriculum positions literacy as a <a href="https://australiancurriculum.edu.au/f-10-curriculum/general-capabilities/literacy/">general capability</a> to be taught in every learning area. Despite this, few Australian schools have whole-school literacy policies that include practical plans for building student literacy across learning areas. That’s the troubling conclusion from my analysis of Australian and UK school literacy policies for my <a href="https://www.hbe.com.au/hb6449.html">upcoming book</a>.</p>
<p><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1741143220905036">My earlier research</a> also shows that many Australian secondary teachers do not believe their schools have a whole-school approach to supporting struggling literacy learners. This is concerning, as students who struggle with literacy won’t only struggle in English.</p>
<p>It’s not that the push to make every teacher a teacher of language and literacy is new. It has been discussed <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/357438?casa_token=2Oo8oj8v2PIAAAAA%3AK1r82jb7WiFTWJVHXDb-u6cLmSZ6xr7TYZClftjDg4r9AaNSiXHuCBN25qN6TkcOdR4W0qlzn5lih0lTGXpWpwptGXzFnFkL3prw4MWKPgOwcHBPjQ&;seq=1">since the 1960s</a>. However, there are questions about how closely Australian schools meet this expectation.</p>
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<p><span style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold;">What kinds of literacies do we need?</span></p>
<p>Many literacies are needed to boost achievement beyond English. When we talk about whole-school literacy, we often refer to content area literacy and disciplinary literacy.</p>
<p><a href="https://journals.lww.com/topicsinlanguagedisorders/FullText/2012/01000/Building_a_House_on_Sand__Why_Disciplinary.7.aspx?casa_token=sobD1yeiNIQAAAAA:mhXP-Mdm7cvb_TCFIitXOmALMTxHY0lR2kVCuPbLnBTQIDglo8np9JFA83jPQKYlpwsPGyDTaLZXcnvGARNLXTA">Content area literacy</a> refers to the literacy knowledge, strategies and skills we use across the learning areas. For example, we don’t only need reading comprehension in English. It’s needed in every learning area that requires students to read.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.literacyworldwide.org/docs/default-source/where-we-stand/ila-content-area-disciplinary-literacy-strategies-frameworks.pdf?sfvrsn=e180a58e_6">Disciplinary literacy</a> relates to the literacy knowledge, strategies and skills that we use to achieve learning purposes that are unique to a learning area. For example, writing a <a href="https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/aeipt.215162">science report</a> requires the correct scientific language, formatting, referencing and diagrams. It calls for specific literacy skills unique to science.</p>
<h2>What’s missing from school literacy policies?</h2>
<p>Whole-school literacy policies plan for all learning areas to include a focus on literacy achievement.</p>
<p>However, analysis of Australian schools’ literacy policies reveals many gaps in these policies. Part of the problem is an <a href="https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/aeipt.222604">excessive focus on NAPLAN testing</a>. There is also limited attention to making the most of literacy resources such as <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/09610006211022410?casa_token=l-NLgG5GXCQAAAAA%3AyFd3mbsR358Rq6AZwQA8qBiv1_XwmDh2GkLlAX1Cp-nFfHGr9o7UlDr3vqAt9d7epITiPb8LbWY">school libraries</a>, especially by comparison with policies in the UK.</p>
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<p>School literacy policies commonly fail to include:</p>
<p><strong>A definition of literacy</strong> that considers both content area literacy and disciplinary literacy, as well as the wide range of literacies that the school seeks to develop in its students. This should not be limited to the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/lit.12166?casa_token=_8rBJ5locDoAAAAA:16YyZqaWexqOsv6fLB3qirVGiUfuwveL9DPMEkwg5lY4_xkQOQ1GIFjnRS4dgeuxRGFYvIQndEv5eg">narrow</a> framing of literacy tested in NAPLAN.</p>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19404159909546595">Detailed and explicit literacy targets</a></strong> for building content area and disciplinary literacy, as well as meeting other goals such as increasing students’ information literacy. Targets are needed so the policy isn’t just aspirational; it actually drives change. There should also be detailed implementation planning that allocates literacy responsibilities across the school.</p>
<p><strong>An explanation of how improvement in literacy will be measured</strong> to determine the effectiveness of the policy. Don’t just assess changes in high-stakes literacy-testing scores. Look at building literacy <a href="https://www.abc-clio.com/products/a5940p/">engagement</a>. This relates to students’ attitudes toward and performance of practices such as <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eie.12143?journalCode=reie20">reading for pleasure</a>. Research has found a relationship between <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883035518320147?casa_token=sHEgsX810FYAAAAA:wp0or99pYl0A9Gb3E3qaEgfxFsujqdA2_57lpyxcPZbF5-jMrunYNLfF0p4credmKAig_egt">reading for enjoyment and reading comprehension</a>, a key content area literacy skill.</p>
<p><strong>Plans for <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1741143220905036">identifying and supporting</a> students</strong> who are struggling with literacy. These plans should cover all schooling years and learning areas. Include plans for professional development of <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/04250494.2020.1775488">teachers who lack confidence</a> in supporting students’ complex literacy needs among the many competing demands of their role.</p>
<p><strong>Consideration of how to make the most of the literacy resources</strong> within the school. These resources include but are not limited to the <a href="https://www.facetpublishing.co.uk/page/detail/school-libraries-supporting-literacy-and-wellbeing/?K=9781783305841">school library and its staff</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Attention to writing</strong> – the majority of Australian schools’ policies did not mention <a href="https://theconversation.com/to-empower-students-with-effective-writing-skills-handwriting-matters-81949">handwriting</a>. Most of the UK policies did. Australian school policies also rarely mentioned typing. A whole-school literacy policy should include these skills, given their importance across the curriculum and the years of schooling.</p>
<p><strong>COVID-related literacy issues</strong> – school policies may also need to include strategies to overcome any negative impacts of pandemic-related <a href="https://www.iier.org.au/iier31/merga-abs.html">education interruption</a> on students’ literacy learning.</p>
<p>In general, Australian school literacy policies are <a href="https://journals-sagepub-com.ezproxy.newcastle.edu.au/doi/10.1177/09610006211022410">typically far shorter</a> and less detailed than their UK equivalents. Australian schools and their students will benefit from more effective whole-school literacy planning.</p>
<p>Literacy is not just the responsibility of the English teacher. Every teacher is a literacy teacher.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/184557/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p>
<h6><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/margaret-kristin-merga-155099">Margaret Kristin Merga</a>, Honorary Senior Lecturer, School of Education, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-newcastle-1060">University of Newcastle</a>. </em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/every-teacher-needs-to-be-a-literacy-teacher-but-thats-not-happening-in-most-australian-schools-184557">original article</a>.</h6>

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